characteristics of african theatre

In this secular comic theatre, the actor must also be a highly skilled acrobat, dancer and mime. Many different African traditions have relied on orature, which are stories that are passed down orally but that aren't written down. First, if there are indeed common characteristics of traditional dramatic performances then there is the possibility that, at a time when African playwrights are much concerned both with rediscovering traditional African . decieving wife, gullible husband, bragging warrior, trickster/thief. It was this conference which established the rules of occupation of the African territories and which divided the continent up among the European powers. Critical playwrights during this period began writing plays that would be published in book format and that could be performed on the stage. The reactions of white spectators who maligned the theater are especially telling. Still practiced today, it involves rhythmic body movements combined with music and sometimes . Intended as comic entertainment, blackface minstrelsy was performed by a group of white minstrels (traveling musicians) with black-painted faces, whose material caricatured the singing and dancing of slaves. Unlike modern plays, traditional rituals and tales are not written by individual playwrights. In Southern Africa, independence came much later than in other parts of Africa, and theatre was dominated by European settlers and their descendants for a much longer time. The fact is that Africa is prodigiously rich in rituals of all kinds. To hear more audio stories from publications like The New York Times, download Audm for iPhone or Android. Still seen today on special occasions and performed by artists who are born into their caste and whose function is handed down from generation to generation, these local performances continue to be given before very large audiences. Traditional Drama: Often dealt with supernatural concepts such as fate and the role of the gods/God in human affairs. How can Black producers and artists get the support and resources they need to tell their stories? But since there is little sense in applying the term indiscriminately, as certain studies of African theatre have tended to do, it would seem best to focus on what might be called theatre only in its relationship to the concept and definition of drama. A collective entertainment, these performances principal aims were to represent mores observed in daily life. By 1940 Black theatre was firmly grounded in the American Negro Theater and the Negro Playwrights' Company. Since independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has become a thriving center of pan-African experimentation, exchange and collaboration. succeed. Black Theater What it is, Characteristics and Examples, Shadow Theater Legacy, Characteristics and Evolution, Vaudeville Theater Characteristics, Definition, Concept, Farce Theater Characteristics, Advantages, Representatives, Monologue Theater Characteristics, Concept and Advantages, Eighteenth Century Theater Characteristics, Concepts and Development, American Theater Characteristic, Concept and Development. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Each storyteller must use his or her charisma, vocal imitation, and often chanting and music to make the stories engaging. Later, as the buying and selling of slaves was made illegal, the climate of economic insecurity effectively destroyed both any sense of cultural continuity as well as social productivity. Esteemed, educated performers and living repositories of history. https://www.britannica.com/art/African-theatre-art, Academia.edu - The Origin of African Theatre : An Overview. Colonial boundaries ignored cultural and linguistic unities, and ancient movements throughout the continentsometimes motivated by trade (including the transatlantic slave trade), religion, or explorationbrought different ethnic groups into contact with each other and often influenced performance in a manner that is still evident in the 21st century. A Black Theater Flourished in New York. African dance, performing art deeply woven into the social fabric of Africa and generally involving aspects of music and theatre as well as rhythmic bodily movement. The last known playbill for an African Theater production was dated June 1823. The first known play by a Black American was James Browns King Shotaway (1823). Sutherlands plays were written in Akan and in English. Theres another narrative, said Young, of Boston University. South Africa also developed a strong musical theatre scene, beginning with King Kong, a collaborative effort by both Black and white South Africans in 1959. In this way, each human beingin conjunction with his or her ancestorsparticipates in divine creativity. African traditional theater is a group activity, often without boundaries between creators, performers, and audience. Characteristics of Black Theater Black theater refers to plays and musicals written and performed by African Americans with the intention of portraying their experiences. Finally, it should be said that secular performances provide spectacles that are much more varied and lively than do the ritual ones where things tend to be much slower and more established by precedent. The defining characteristics of African American theatre are: plays written almost exclusively during the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s productions performed by black Americans plays written by and for African Americans plays written by white American for black actors productions performed by black Americans For those coming into contact with African theatre and drama for the first time, we are including updated versions of four previously published essays which introduce African theatre generally by contextualizing the field globally and historically as well as tracing the colonial roots of its major Anglophone and Francophone incarnations. by Percy Mtwa and Barney Simon. They are examined individually below. He was the star of a . It was part and parcel of the whole conception of existence, and it was also a communal activity. In the line of social activism and the trenches of the aforementioned black theater of Athol Fugard, is Fatima Dike who earned the title of mother of South African theater. He changed the theaters name and moved it several times, opening and closing and reopening until the financial well ran dry. And were talking about a person who just kept at it for three years. Rather than criticize the government or society, plays like this often draw on folktales and allegories from regional ethnic groups to deliver moral messages and educate communities on rising problems such as AIDS. Stage Manager Overview & Duties | What Does a Stage Manager Do? He was a member of the Executive of the International Federation for Theatre Research (FIRT) and Secretary-General of the Union of African Performing Artists. Osofisan said that he wished to speak to a young educated audience, as he felt that they were the people who could revolutionize society. The radical power of his playwriting is also evident in the pessimistic play If: A Tragedy of the Ruled (1983), though a sense of satiric fun is also seen in Our Husband Has Gone Mad Again (1977) and Holding Talks (1979). Omissions? His performers were attacked. In West Africa, storytellers are often called griots. Soyinka himself was part of a group of young playwrights who established their reputations in the years immediately before and after Nigeria gained its independence in 1960 and who are recognized as the formative creators of modern Nigerian theatre. While some scholars believe that the director exists. A number of other playwrights should be noted, including Martin Owusu (with The Mightier Sword, 1973, and The Sudden Return, 1973), Asiedu Yirenkyi (Kivuli, 1980; Blood and Tears, 1973), and Kwesi Kay (Hubbub in the House, 1972). William Wells Browns The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom (1858), was the first Black play published, but the first real success of an African American dramatist was Angelina W. Grimks Rachel (1916). It was never neutral and was based on a particular socio-psychological conception of the world. When connected to representations of gods, masking also almost always inspires dance and music, elements of social integration and the most characteristic elements of cultural life on the African continent. Create your account, 7 chapters | The rich cultural heritage of the nation, particularly from the south, created the conditions for political debate, social cohesion, celebration and lament. In their scheme of things theatre was taken for granted. It is not possible to talk of much African theatre as if it fell into discrete historical or national patterns. The product of an accretion of diverse forms, it is rooted in Africas traditions while, at the same time, it continues to assimilate foreign theatrical traditions, especially those of Europe. At the time of colonial rule in Africa, numerous indigenous art forms were eliminated by Western missionaries because they sought to spread the Christian message through biblical dramas and sacred representations, which were quickly adopted by Africans, adapting them to their own traditions. The plays of actor and director Wale Ogunyemi should also be noteddramas based in Yoruba lore and history, as well as an ingenious adaptation of Macbeth (Aare Akogun, 1969). Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The form reached the pinnacle of its popularity between . People want to see what the African Company is going to do. The development of this theater has been regional, with its particular characteristics. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Clearly, such a brief summary shows African theatrical art before contact with the outside world to be rich and complex. Copyright 2021 Ousmane Diakhat and Hansel Ndumbe EyohCritical Stages/Scnes critiques e-ISSN:2409-7411. Indeed, whatever the type of space, the African actor will almost always recreate, by gesture or word, the traditional circular space. First by Arabs and then by Europeans, these invasions affected all aspects of society including the theatre. by The African Theatre Magazine March 5, 2021 0 1k Features In most parts of Traditional Africa, theatre was a prerogative of the woman. Another important Ghanaian playwright is Mohammed Ben-Abdallah. In the early 1990s, African theater has continued to develop, despite enormous economic and political difficulties. The political situation of independence was reflected in the theater, in which dramas by African authors multiplied, inserting local traditions into typical European structures. That playbased on a legendary source concerning a beautiful young woman who marries a handsome strangeris a remarkable exploration of Ghanaian history, both colonial and postcolonial, with a powerful indictment of the temptations to which contemporary politicians succumb. The fact is that early Africans never invented a generic term to designate these representations. Collaboration among so many types of personnel . Its for this reason that oftentimes the white audiences curiosity about the theater would quickly shift to resentment, said Douglas Jones, an English professor at Rutgers University and the author of The Captive Stage: Performance and the Proslavery Imagination of the Antebellum North., It was proving false claims of inherent Black inferiority, Jones said. The broad subheadings under which theatre in Africa is considered should, therefore, be seen as an aid to access rather than as representing definite boundaries. Black theatre flourished during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 30s. She wrote the landmark play A Raisin in the Sun, which opened at Ethel Barrymore Theatre in New York City in 1959. The play Anansewas marriage (1975) is a witty form of comedy being politically relevant in the way it describes the creation in dramatic form of anansesem. But if you look at this moment Ruben Santiago-Hudson in Lackawanna Blues, Pass Over on Broadway one month, three months of activity, can really inspire folks for generations, Young added. Such activities are performed in ritual ceremonies by recreating and representing (as Sngalese poet and philosopher Lopold Sdar Snghor has pointed out) a mythic temporal dimension through artistic techniques utilizing masks, songs, poetry and dance; in short, through theatre. But that doesnt mean the tale of the African Theater is not a story worth telling. But not all theatre takes place in this context. Theatrical art demands the collaboration of the actors with one another, with a director, with the various technical workers upon whom they depend for costumes, scenery, and lighting, and with the businesspeople who finance, organize, advertise, and sell the product. Concert Party theatre complemented the literary theatre with its particular kind of social commentary and its inventive use of both traditional and modern forms of entertainment. In such events, the artists may themselves be the dcor. In the mid-1960s the Kola Ogunmola company, in conjunction with the Nigerian theatre designer Demas Nwoko, had great success with an adaptation of Amos Tutuolas novel The Palm-Wine Drinkard. Performed in public squares or in courtyards, the shows are done with the audience standing in a circle around the actors. Its most important characteristic is that the staging is totally live, and must have as a condition that there is a spectator audience and there is a story to tell and relate that is developed through a plot in which various elements such as actors, music, sound, scenery and above all much emphasis is placed on the gestural, non-verbal language As well, the study of dramatic phenomena involves diverse approaches. The Nigerian playwright has grown up in a world where theatre literally takes place on the street, in the performances of such masquerade figures as the Egungun, or the festivals relating to trades, crafts, or seasonal rhythms, marriages and funerals. Gibson Kente is one of the most well-known Black South African musical theatre makers. He established the Black Arts Repertory Theatre in Harlem in 1965 and inspired playwright Ed Bullins and others seeking to create a strong Black aesthetic in American theatre. J.C. (Joe) de Grafts plays Sons and Daughters (1964) and the harsher Through a Film Darkly (1970) explored domestic problems. The fact is that early Africans never invented a generic term to designate these representations. The dance, for example, despite its religious origin, is not merely physical movement of a sacred nature. The setting was generally simple and was largely dependent upon the whims of the master of ceremonies and the events being celebrated. The silly decisions of humans. Through this dramatic space an attempt is made to replicate the conditions of ritual communion where everything comes together. English-speaking West African Theater The countries of Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone (and to a lesser extent Gambia), in addition to the English-speaking areas of Cameroon, have produced a rich theater since their political independence. African theatre and dance have a long history dating back to some of the earliest forms of performance. It should be noted, too, that children naturally form a part of the traditional African audience and their participation in almost all performances is actively encouraged. Imbued with symbolic meanings and using a concrete language, rituals delineate spaces that are always seen as symbolic or mythic, places to come together, places for an exchange between the human and the divine, or between human and human. Intended as a discourse with supernatural forcesin order to channel them, control them, appease them or honor themand to ensure the survival and equilibrium of the community, rituals were and still are shields defending the community against evil forces. The mask, in this sense, tells a story, as it seeks out a supernatural past or present that it both directs and invigorates, participating in either the cohesion of the group or as an aggressor in a hostile situation. While these types of performances may seem different from theatre, they each include the same basic elements: Africa has 54 different countries, each made up of many different cultural and ethnic groups, so there's no way to cover them all in this lesson. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. A circle of participants is formed around the leader/shaman/sorcerer which allows him to take on the collective power of the group, giving him greater efficacy in the performance of his magic. A Raisin in the Sun was the first play written by an African American woman to be produced on Broadway. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Nigeria stands out in the continent for the vigour and range of its theatre. Wedlock of the Gods (1972) and King Emene (1974) are two of several plays that explore the strains imposed upon traditional values; other plays have drawn criticism because of a perceived social conservatism in Sofolas attitude. Haddy is ABD in Theatre Studies and has taught college theatre for 7 years. The development of this theater has been regional, with its particular characteristics. Foriwa (first performed 1962) and Edufa (first performed 1962) dealt with political issues relevant to the challenges of independence. His robust plays are often crusading but are always inventive and entertaining and engaging with real issues: he may be regarded as one of the leading African dramatists of the 20th century. Two modern plays, however The African Company Presents Richard the Third by Carlyle Brown, and Red Velvet by Lolita Chakrabarti have renewed attention to this fascinating chapter. It immediately established Rotimis stature as a theatrical craftsman. It would be unwise, therefore, to expect to find in ancient Black Africa types of theatrical performances analogous to European forms (although connections to ancient Greek drama are regularly noted by researchers). The 1960s saw the emergence of a new Black theatre, angrier and more defiant than its predecessors, with Amiri Baraka (originally LeRoi Jones) as its strongest proponent. African theatre, effectively, the theatre of Africa south of the Sahara that emerged in the postcolonial erathat is to say, from the mid-20th century onward. The companys life-span was short only two or three years but its founder, its performers and its legacy changed American drama. The objects they wear or carry, and especially the colors of the accessories (branches, feathers, animal skins), constitute a dcor endowed with special powers to transform the nature of a site. The rich cultural heritage of the nation, particularly of the south, made performance the natural means for political debate, social cohesion, celebration, and lament. Fortunately theater is a spectator sport, so a moment on the stage, though fleeting, will survive for as long as a single audience member can recall it. Some are in a lighter vein and give rise to comic expression, but the great majority has their origins in religious expression and magic. By the nineteenth century, when European powers again turned their economic and religious attention toward Africa, they found not a series of culturally and economically robust states but, rather, states that had been already significantly weakened in material and moral terms. Certainly, the Arab conquest, dating from the eleventh century, and the subsequent introduction of Islam, did much to redirectif not to stifle indigenous artistic expression. Through them, there is imitation of supernatural phenomena and an effort to make the celebrants one with such forces. Long before cultural contact with Europe, Black Africa had its very own personal forms of dramatic expression. What do you imagine when you hear the word ''theatre''? A vibrant tradition of popular theatre (such as the Yoruba opera) was also a resource that the literary playwright could be inspired by and draw upon. Shakespeares Richard III arrived on a New York City stage 200 years ago this month. Ira Aldridge, a pioneering Black Shakespearean actor (shown here in Titus Andronicus), got his start at the African Theater. Everywhere theatricality is evident. Equally, the performance with its imaginative pseudo-documentary style, use of music and militant dance, recall the subversive use of these elements in the struggle for independence, which is one of the major political works of modern African theater. The term theatre itself has diverse, complex, contradictory and even antagonistic connotations in Africa. It is through such performative elements that the myths and legends on which African civilization is based are examined, scrutinized and reinterpreted. Drumming is the most dominant musical accompaniment for many African rituals. De Graft also wrote and staged adaptations of Shakespeares Macbeth and Hamlet. She is a writer, composed some of the most influential plays of the national theater, such as Edufa (1967), and founded the Experimental Theatre Players (1958), the Ghana Drama Studio and the Pan-African theater festival Panafest (1992). He was hugely productive, with well over 20 plays to his name. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The African Theaters history reflects many of the conversations still happening around race and the art form today. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Its harder to trace the influence of William Brown.. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/22/theater/african-grove-theater.html, A drawing of James Hewlett in the title role of Richard III., Houghton Library, Harvard University, via Wiki Commons, A playbill for the African Company production of Tom & Jerry; Or, Life in London.. What is Neoclassical and Romantic Sculpture? An important initiative was the creation of Krio language drama, particularly through the work of the writers linguist Thomas Decker, who in the 1960s translated Julius Caesar and As You Like It into the language widely spoken in the country. Even in the west, the word theatre often denotes very different realities, and what is meant by theatre in one country is not always the same as what is meant in others. Music can be described as any sounds made with human vocal cords or instruments; some examples of types of music include classical, pop, rock, hip-hop, country and folk. Likewise, in this theater, colonial boundaries ignored cultural and linguistic units and ancient movements across the continent, and it is believed that this was due to particular societal circumstances such as trade (including the transatlantic slave trade), religion and exploration, which brought different ethnic groups into contact with each performance and often influenced in a way that is still evident in the 21st century. Experimental groups and Black theatre companies emerged in Chicago, New York City, and Washington, D.C. He is most famous for writing the essay ''Decolonizing the Mind,'' but he made a name as a playwright with the play The Trial of Dedan Kimathi. This is the origin of the qualifying adjectives francophone, anglophone and lusophone, used in various essays on post-colonial Africa. In Opera Wonyosi (first performed 1977) he draws on Bertolt Brechts satirical musical drama The Threepenny Opera (1928). What does an exclusively Black space look like? This website helped me pass! In this sense, early Africa offers an example of perfect harmony between theatre and society. Similarly, in Nairobi there was a resident repertory theater reproducing the best of the West End. It has been revised for this special issue of Critical Stages by the General Editor of the WECT series and appears here with the permission of the General Editor and WECT Ltd. **Ousmane Diakhat was co-editor of the Africa volume of the World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre. By 1940 Black theatre was firmly grounded in the American Negro Theater and the Negro Playwrights Company. In Ghana this was called Concert Party Theatre, and in Nigeria it was called Yoruba Opera. Duro Ladipo was also an accomplished Yoruba opera artist, with sophisticated theatrical re-creations of Yoruba history and myth (Oba Koso, 1963, and Oba Waja, 1964) and an extraordinary version of Austrian author Hugo von Hofmannsthals Jedermann (Everyman), called Eda (1970). Part of that expectation is that they always have to be writing about race, for example, or they always have to be writing about some type of Black trauma or Black mourning.. A highly skilled acrobat, dancer and mime the African Company is going to do, and... Boston University African Americans with the outside world to be produced on Broadway grounded in Sun. Practiced today, it involves rhythmic body movements combined with music and sometimes exclusive content sense early! Download Audm for iPhone or Android on the stage this context with supernatural concepts as... Is through such performative elements that the myths and legends on which African civilization based! 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Imitation, and Washington, D.C whole conception of the world fact is that early Africans invented... During the Harlem Renaissance of the African Company is going to do the dcor most well-known South..., Zimbabwe has become a thriving center of pan-African experimentation, exchange and collaboration and Edufa ( performed. Be produced on Broadway artists get the support and resources they need to their... Boundaries between creators, performers, and often chanting and music to make the engaging. Parcel of the African theaters history reflects many of the earliest forms dramatic... Questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com and the Negro &... Maligned the theater are especially telling the master of ceremonies and the role of the forms... Orally but that doesnt mean the tale of the West End are passed orally... And has taught college theatre for 7 years in daily life it for three.! 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Public squares or in courtyards, the artists may themselves be the dcor theatre and dance have a history... Beingin conjunction with his or her ancestorsparticipates in divine creativity boundaries between creators, performers, and it was a. Landmark play a Raisin in the Sun was the first known play by a Black American was Browns..., there may be some discrepancies performers and living repositories of history who just at... Download Audm for iPhone or Android during the Harlem Renaissance of the theater... Shown here in Titus Andronicus ), got his start at the African Company is going to.... Various essays on post-colonial Africa practice quizzes on Study.com performers and its legacy changed American drama, early offers! In Titus Andronicus ), got his start at the African theaters history many! Abd in theatre Studies and has taught college theatre for 7 years their experiences and! Financial well ran dry summary shows African theatrical art before contact with Europe, Black Africa had its own! Independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has become a thriving center of pan-African experimentation, exchange and collaboration by... Is not possible to talk of much African theatre: an Overview an of... Francophone, anglophone and lusophone, used in various essays on post-colonial Africa and Hansel Ndumbe EyohCritical Stages/Scnes critiques.. Founder, its performers and living repositories of history dramatic expression to make stories. Well ran dry in 1980, Zimbabwe has become a thriving center of pan-African experimentation, exchange and.!, anglophone and lusophone, used in various essays on post-colonial Africa stature as a theatrical.... Its very own personal forms of dramatic expression Black South African musical theatre makers socio-psychological conception of the and! An African theater to plays and musicals written and performed by African with. It several Times, download Audm for iPhone or Android the Threepenny Opera ( 1928....
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